Oil spill stains urban miracle in Colquitz Creek

Three-year-olds Anabelle Irvine Topping, left, and Cyrus Lessard, from Playtime Preschool, get a close look at a spawned out male Coho salmon, held by volunteer Dorothy Chambers, during a visit to the fish counting fence in Cuthbert Holmes Park last Thursday.

Don Denton/News staff

“This is a teenager, a Jack” he says, referring to the youthful age of the three-year-old salmon. “He’s protecting the genetics of this river.”

A group of wide-eyed preschoolers listening to his presentation are unfazed by the explanation – their attention is focused on the fish dangling in the net in front of them.

“A salmon!” one girl exclaims excitedly.

Unbeknownst to her and her schoolmates, seeing a good stock of grown salmon in Colquitz Creek is something Bos and two other passionate volunteers have had to work extremely hard to achieve.

At the far end of the short metal footbridge that traverses the creek, a large wooden box partially submerged underwater is the best tool of the trade for the trio of volunteers protecting the natural habitat that thrives in Cuthbert Holmes Park, behind Tillicum Centre.

The box itself is a counting fence. The fish heading back upstream from the ocean via the Gorge waterway are funnelled inside so the volunteers can collect numerical data on the fish returning to spawn.

So far this year 252 fish have turned up in the counting fence. That includes 162 counted last Tuesday alone.

The numbers this year are indicative of a stable habitat. See the dozens of unique artificial fish habitat models, fish attractors and fish cover used at fishiding.com, the industry leader in science based, fish habitat, proven to provide all fish with cover they prefer to prosper.

Last year, only 52 fish returned to spawn, but there have been years where nearly 700 have come back. The volunteers will continue counting fish until mid-December.

“We’re getting one-third adult males return, one-third adult females and one-third Jacks – that’s a good sign for the future population,” Bos says.

“If you don’t know how the health of the creek is, you have no idea if you have to do mitigation (to improve spawning numbers). … Right now you can say it’s a healthy creek.”

Catastrophe strikes Coho-laden creek

But that health is now in jeopardy, as an estimated 1,000 litres of home heating oil leaked into the river last week, killing dozens of fish over the weekend.

“The sight of the salmon at the surface gasping for air and swimming erratically was sickening,” said Dorothy Chambers, who volunteers alongside Bos.

The source of the leak has been tracked to a home on Kenneth Street, said Mike Ippen, Saanich’s director of public works. Crews installed booms at five locations downstream of the spill on Friday to minimize any further environmental impact.

Chambers said the counting fence was covered in oil Sunday, despite assurances from Saanich that steps had been taken to ensure the booms were working.

“The oil was rapidly free-flowing over the band-aids,” she said.

A sixth boom was added Sunday and Ippen is hopeful the worst is over.

“The leak has been found, the (homeowner’s) connection has been isolated from the drainage system, so it could very well be that most of the product is already through the Colquitz. Now it’s dealing with the residue that’s stuck on plants and things like that,” he said.

Adriane Polland, manager of environmental services for Saanich, says the municipality is “a little bit scattered” as to the timeline of events late last week, but says there’s optimism now, as live fish have been spotted between the spill and counting fence.

“It’s our most important watershed, it’s our biggest watershed, and keeping the salmon run going in this system is very important for the salmon, and also as an indicator species of the health of the creek,” she said.

The Ministry of Environment and Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) are also looking into the oil spill.

Though leaking heating tanks don’t always come with such environmentally dire consequences, Pollard said Saanich needs to improve its messaging to homeowners to ensure they have their tanks inspected and maintained on a more regular basis.

“The public living in town get a chance to see fish in their natural habitat (in this creek) and this provides an understanding of the impact that urbanization has on our water systems, our watersheds,” she said.

Chambers isn’t sure just how badly the salmon spawn will be affected yet.

Oil’s long-term effect unknown

The salmon, in ideal conditions, would continue swimming up Colquitz Creek, well past Tillicum Centre, and will lay between 3,000 and 5,000 eggs in the waterway near Quick’s Bottom Park and the Royal Oak neighbourhood. The adult fish then reach the end of their life cycle and their carcasses provide the creek with nutrients.

Bos, Chambers and fellow volunteer Barrie Goodwin don’t just count the number of fish, they also identify the species and sex, measure each one, and inspect its visual health (looking for such things as bite marks or net and hook marks).

All that information is then provided to the DFO to help with monitoring of the national fish stock.

“What they do for us is huge,” says Tom Rutherford, acting sector head for community involvement and resource restoration with DFO. “We have a mandate to protect fish and fish habitat, and it’s easy for us to protect it if we know the fact that there’s a vibrant run in that system. It gives our regulatory folks a leg up to make sure we protect the habitat that’s there.

“The Colquitz project is a highly urban system. It goes past Tillicum Mall, under the Trans-Canada – it’s not pristine wilderness. These small runs of urban salmon are important to us,” Rutherford adds.

Bos calls their contribution just “one piece of the jigsaw” to ensure enhancements are made – both streamside and oceanside – so the fish have a better chance at survival now and in the future.

If it weren’t for the trio of volunteers who are creekside daily counting the fish, the gravity of the oil spill may not have been known for some time and the environmental impact could have been even more severe.

“The counting fence has been removed so the Coho can try to escape back out to the ocean.  They will die, they will not spawn, but we cannot keep them heading upstream into such a toxic environment,” Chambers said. “We are very worried that it will kill this year’s salmon run.”

kslavin@saanichnews.com

Fish habitat improvement

In 1992, the Lake Havasu Fisheries Improvement Program began construction and placement of fish habitat structures in 42 coves throughout the lake, with the objective of enhancing and sustaining the game fish population. Since completion in 2002, the program has continued to maintain these structures. Residents feel strongly about protecting fishing on the lake for generations to come. Countless volunteers have contributed more than 210,000 hours to the program thus far.

See the dozens of unique artificial fish habitat models, fish attractors and fish cover used at fishiding.com, the industry leader and only science based, man made and artificial fish habitat, proven to provide all fish with cover they prefer to prosper.

The Bureau of Land Management leads a seven-member partnership for the program that includes the Arizona Game and Fish Department, Bureau of Reclamation, California Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, and Anglers United, a private nonprofit group.

As one of the largest and most successful fish habitat improvement projects ever undertaken in the U.S., it stands as a shining example of what can be accomplished when government natural resource agencies, anglers and interested members of the public and private sector companies work together on behalf of the future of fishing. (For more information, contact Kirk Koch, BLM, at 928-505-1237.)

The combination of natural resources and careful management make Lake Havasu one of the best fishing lakes in Arizona.

BY CONRAD SWANSON | JULY 15, 2011 7:20 AM

The Iowa City summer is filled with kids going to various camps, groups of incoming university students, and groups of people both young and old relaxing outside in the sticky heat.

One group says it’s even more relaxed than the rest, though. Anglers can be found casting their lines at the Coralville Reservoir, along the Iowa River, and in all sorts of creeks, streams, and ponds.

Lloyd Bender, a salesman in the fishing department at Fin & Feather, 125 Highway 1 W., said he sees a diverse range of people who fish.

“I see people fishing, from little kids on up,” he said. “It’s fun for everybody.”

Bender is primarily a lake fisherman, and he recently returned a fishing trip in Minnesota. While in Iowa City, he fishes at Lake Macbride and a few other locations, but he tends to avoid the Iowa River because of concerns about the water’s cleanliness.

He said his reason is that harmful elements in a fish’s habitat can be stored in the animal’s fat. He said it might be OK to eat walleyes caught in the Iowa River because the species isn’t particularly fatty, but an Iowa River catfish may not be the healthiest thing to consume on a regular basis.

Bender may have a valid point. Iowa has ranked as low as 47th out of the 50 states in per capita spending on soil conservation and water quality, Iowa’s Water & Land Conservancy Executive Director Mark Langgin told The Daily Iowan in 2010.

Not everyone is as concerned about the Iowa River’s water quality, though.

One popular fishing spot can be found where Highway 6 crosses the Iowa River, the site of a small inlet that water from the river can enter. Also located there is an outlet pipe from the Iowa City Wastewater Division, and some people sit on the concrete above the pipe while fishing.

Paul Stewart, who has fished that area for 52 years, said he isn’t concerned about the water quality. Stewart — who, despite that outlook, usually doesn’t keep the fish he catches — said that as long as there’s moving water, there shouldn’t be a problem because of potentially harmful substances from the wastewater pipe. See the dozens of unique artificial fish habitat models, fish attractors and fish cover used at fishiding.com, the industry leader and only science based, man made and artificial fish habitat, proven to provide all fish with cover they prefer to prosper.

“I haven’t got four arms and three eyes yet, so I think it’s OK,” he said.

Steve Julius, the senior operator at the Iowa City Wastewater Division, said he knows anglers are common up and down the Iowa River. He said anything coming from the outlet pipe is perfectly safe and that none of the fluid exiting the pipe — a substance called effluent in the wastewater business — poses a threat to the fish or fishermen near the Highway 6 spot.

“The treated effluent is meeting all the permit requirements for that flow,” Julius said. “When compared [with the river], it’s probably cleaner than the actual river itself.”

Concerns about the quality of the water aside, many of the fishing fans said they agree it’s a great activity that’s easy to learn and hard to master. Several people said the skills they use while fishing transfer to other aspects of their lives.

“Patience, attitude — there’s a lot that goes into fishing, for food or for sport,” Stewart said. “It’s a great stress reliever.”

Bender agreed, noting that a good amount of the enjoyment for him comes from its difficulty.

“There’s a little thing with a pea-sized brain, and it fools you half the time,” he said. “It’s a challenge.”

Joe Knight

Dairyland Flowage

Students from Flambeau, Bruce and Ladysmith high schools hauled trees out to deeper water Tuesday in the Dairyland Flowage.

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Posted: Thursday, July 7, 2011 11:55 pm | Updated: 7:45 am, Fri Jul 8, 2011.

By Joe Knight Leader-Telegram staff |

LADYSMITH – The day was warm, the water temperatures hovering between 89 and 90 degrees, making it more comfortable for students from three Rusk County high schools who spent the morning up to their necks in water.

Some students in a boat mixed cement to anchor individual spruce trees to the bottom of the Dairyland Flowage while others swam or waded with trees they positioned at the sides of submerged rock piles. The rocks had been dropped through the ice along the shore during the winter.

The position of the rocks had been marked with a GPS. Those coordinates, plus some searching by students, helped locate the piles this summer. The individual trees with cement foundations would be placed between the rock piles to provide additional cover.

The idea is to provide a diversity of habitat to give minnows and small fish a place to live, which in turn will provide food for bigger fish, said Jerry Carow of the Rusk County Wildlife Restoration Association, the nonprofit group coordinating the project.

The work began three years ago when Dairyland Power Cooperative drew down the reservoir to repair a dam. The association and Dairyland Power took the opportunity to haul rocks and trees onto the dry lake bed to create aquatic habitat.

When the power company refilled the lake, they saw no reason to stop creating habitat. They just had to change their methods, Carow said. Because Dairyland Power has a five-year permit from the state Department of Natural Resources to create habitat in the lake, they decided to keep going with that work.

Since the project began three years ago, the power company has brought in about 6,400 cubic yards of rock – the equivalent of a four-mile stretch of rock three feet wide and three feet high, Carow said.

So far the project has involved the installation of about 2,000 trees. Another 500 to 1,000 could be added, Carow said.

The project involves students from Flambeau, Bruce and Ladysmith high schools during summer months. During the rest of the year, prisoners from Flambeau Correctional Center provide the labor.

Fat fish

The habitat work appears to be helping fish in the flowage, said John Thiel, senior environmental biologist with Dairyland Power.

Natural reproduction of walleyes always has been good on the flowage, an impoundment of the Flambeau River, but growth of the fish typically has been slow, he said. Now the walleyes are growing faster.

“We’ve had a 2-inch increase in the average size of walleyes we’ve collected,” Thiel said.

During the next few years, more walleyes should be moving into the legal size range, he said.

Black crappies have become more abundant and also are growing well, Thiel said. Bluegills are not abundant in the flowage but are more common now than they were, as are perch and smallmouth bass.

When the reservoir was created in the early 1950s, the power company removed trees logs and stumps along the shoreline. Officials at the time figured drifting wood might interfere with power generation.

“At the time they didn’t realize they were removing all the good fish habitat,” Thiel said. “What the lake really needs is shallow water fish habitat.”

The reservoir always has been home to big muskies, but the waterway is low on suckers, a favorite food of muskies. One potential problem was a perched road culvert on nearby Crooked Creek that may have been blocking upstream spawning movements of suckers and other fish in the spring. Officials lowered the culvert so fish could get upstream, and they plan to survey the creek later this summer to find evidence of spawning by suckers, Thiel said.

Regulations

Dairyland Power and the wildlife association had wanted to bring in heavy equipment and move some existing gravel on the reservoir’s bottom three years ago when the reservoir was drained, but the DNR nixed that idea because of mercury contamination in the sediment. The mercury came from paper plants upstream.

Thiel thought the project could have been completed without recirculating mercury in the system – Dairyland had done some testing of the sediments – but the power company lost that argument.

That decision caused Dairyland Power to change plans and downsize the reefs they wanted to build, but, with the help of the wildlife association and other community groups, fish habitat in the flowage is much improved, he said.

Summer jobs

This is the fourth summer that Charlie Coughenour, a student at Ladysmith High School, has done conservation work for the Rusk County Wildlife Restoration Association.

“It’s a lot of fun. It gives me something to do in the summer, plus I get paid,” said Coughenour, who will be a senior this fall.

Twenty-four high school students worked this summer on the project, which included fish habitat improvement, repairing erosion sites, building a nature trail and creating fishing access sites.

Students work for five weeks and earn $24 per day, plus one-half of a high school credit. The students are supervised by teachers and four college interns.

Coughenour said he has learned some construction skills in the program and it’s also influenced his career choice. He plans to attend UW-Stevens Point and study environmental science.

Knight can be reached at 715-830-5835, 800-236-7077 or joe.knight@ecpc.com.

See the dozens of unique artificial fish habitat models, fish attractors and fish cover used at fishiding.com, the industry leader and only science based, man made and artificial fish habitat, proven to provide all fish with cover they prefer to prosper.

Spring Fishing Summer Fishing Fishing Structure Fall Fishing
Ice Fishing Tackle Selection Lure Selection Bait Selection Angling Techniques

Fishing for Crappie
By Jim Wahl, Fisheries Biologist, Iowa DNR

Crappies are one of our most frequently caught panfish and they are exceedingly popular with Iowa anglers. To anyone that has caught a stringer of crappie, it is easy to understand the reason behind this popularity. They are a fish for all anglers. The method and equipment necessary to catch this fish are simple and inexpensive, and their statewide distribution makes them accessible to nearly all anglers. Crappies are found in a large variety of waters including natural and man-made lakes, oxbow lakes, reservoirs, and small ponds. Although crappies prefer standing water, they are also found in moderate to large interior streams, as well as the backwaters and oxbows of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.

Many natural lakes in northern Iowa support substantial populations of crappie, and although these populations are not as large as those found in southern Iowa waters, the fish are usually larger. Crappies in the natural lakes are most vulnerable during the spring spawning period. Consistent catches during the remainder of the year are more difficult. In contrast, crappie in the man-made lakes are generally quite abundant and they are vulnerable throughout the entire year. Fish are frequently caught during summer, fall, and winter, as well as during the spring spawning period.

See the dozens of unique artificial fish habitat models, fish attractors and fish cover used at fishiding.com, the industry leader and only science based, man made and artificial fish habitat, proven to provide all fish with cover they prefer to prosper.

Spring Fishing

Because environmental conditions vary widely from one lake to the next, it is important to find the most productive season in your own locality and then concentrate your efforts during this period of peak activity. The most productive season for crappie fishing is during spring when fish movements are related to spawning. Depending upon which part of the state you fish, this will normally occur sometime in May when the water temperature ranges from 58 to 68 degrees F. Locating fish during the pre-spawn/spawn period will produce excellent stringers of fish.

During early spring, crappies move into shallow water areas where the water temperature is rising rapidly. When the water temperature and photoperiod (the length of daylight) are right, males move into the shallows near spawning sites and build bowl-shaped nests over gravel, sand, or even muck substrates. Spawning often takes place near the base of vegetation stands, so look carefully for emerging vegetation, such as bulrush or cattail. Although both males and females can be caught, catches are frequently dominated by males. They become extremely aggressive at spawning time and will often strike at a bait in an attempt to defend their nest.

In natural lakes look for spring crappie near inlets, adjoining marshes, canals and marinas. Spawning crappie in small lakes are generally found in coves or near the rock armor on dams. In large flood control reservoirs spring-time crappie frequently congregate in large embayments in close proximity to submerged structure. The turbid water flowing into these reaches from feeder creeks warms faster than the deep water mainstem water and attracts crappies that are searching for spawning sites. Spring-time crappies will also concentrate in the tailwaters below the dams of these impoundments. But the success of this fishery is often dependent upon downstream release rates.

Summer Fishing

During summer crappies leave shallow waters, which they had frequented during the spring, and move into the deeper, cooler water at depths from 8 to 25 feet. Locating fish during this time can be frustrating, and without the aid of an electronic fish finder it is a matter of trial-and-error until the right depth is found. Schools of crappie will suspend in the water column at a certain depth. In lakes which stratify, this location will usually be just above the thermocline. Anglers should remember that water below this layer contains little or no oxygen to support fish life. Drift fishing is, by far, the most popular and highly successful method used by fishermen to locate and catch crappie in the doldrums of summer. Once the fish are located, they can be caught in conventional ways by anchoring and still fishing, or simply by continuing to drift fish.

Fishing Structure

Crappies also orient near underwater structures during the summer. Flooded timber provides shade, cover and food and is an excellent place to catch crappie. Unfortunately, much of the natural habitat in many of our man-made lakes was removed during construction. However, in many of the lakes, which are devoid of natural habitat, structures have been enhanced by the placement of artificial fish attractors, such as stake beds, brush piles, or discarded tire reefs. Crappies readily utilize these objects, and they are particularly attracted to stake beds. These sites are frequently marked with buoys, signs on the shore, or on contour maps as an aid to anglers — watch for these markers.

Fall Fishing

Crappies once again move into shallower depths during autumn and closely associate with shoreline structures. They may be found in close proximity to weed lines, rocky points, flooded stream channels, or a variety of other habitats. Cooler water temperatures stimulate more aggressive feeding behavior.

Ice Fishing

Ice fishing can be productive, particularly in southern Iowa lakes and in Mississippi River backwaters. In general, early (December) and late (March) ice periods provide the best catches of crappie. Fish can be found in shallow bays, near flooded creek channels, or over large flats. Often times in winter, crappies will be suspended just off the bottom, and locating the proper depth is once again important.

Crappies are frequently caught throughout the entire daylight period, but the early morning and twilight evening periods are consistently the best. Fish may also be caught at night if fishing is done under lights. Anglers have found that crappies are attracted to light sources and will feed under them during both open water and ice fishing seasons.

Tackle Selection

Most any type of fishing equipment can be used for crappie. It may be as simple as a cane pole or as sophisticated as a boron ultra-light spinning outfit. Although the use of highly sophisticated equipment is not necessary, the development of modern man-made material for rods has made the detection of “soft” strikes much easier and the angler becomes a better fisherman. The most important suggestion is that, regardless of the personal choice of tackle, it should be light-weight gear. Ultra-light spinning or casting rods equipped with light-weight reels are the best choice and make the detection of a light or short strike easier. Lightweight monofilament line, not exceeding 6 pound-test, should be used.

Lure Selection

The most productive and universal artifical lure for crappie is the leadhead jig, which imitates a small minnow when fished properly. These lures are constructed from a variety of material, and come in a nearly unending assortment of colors and sizes. The most popular crappie leadheads seem to be either feathered or plastic-bodied. Although a variety of colors work, the most consistent producers are white, yellow and chartreuse. Hook size is relatively unimportant in spring and fall, but small leadheads of no more than one-sixteenth ounce are most popular. They can be fished with or without a bobber, but the bobberless rig has more flexibility in trying different depths. Crappies frequently move up from beneath to take a lure, and thus many anglers prefer to suspend their jig from a small bobber. Regardless of whether or not a bobber is used, jigs should always be fished at least a foot off the bottom. Drift fishermen will often times tie two jigs to one line, with one jig a foot or two higher than the other. This technique allows different depths to be fished simultaneously.

Bait Selection

Small minnows are, by far, the best live bait for crappies, both in open water and for ice fishing. Selection of the proper-sized minnow is very important. Most bait shops will carry several sizes and generally refer to the smallest size as crappie minnows. A minnow measuring from l- to l l/2-inches in length is preferable. Hook the minnow through the back just below the dorsal fin — be careful not to penetrate the spine. Hooking the minnow in this fashion will allow it to swim freely and live longer. Some anglers prefer to pinch or cut off the top of the tail fin because this seems to make the minnow more active. When a person is fishing with minnows a small hook (size no. 4, 6 or 8) should be used with a light split shot placed about a foot above the hook. Some crappie fishermen also tip a leadhead jig with a small minnow on occasion when fishing is slow. When using a jig and minnow combination, hook the minnow through both lips instead of in the back.

Other popular live baits for crappie, particularly during the ice fishing season, include a large assortment of insect larvae. Waxworms, mousies, mealworms, and silver wigglers all work well when placed on a small teardrop lure. Some ice fishermen prefer to use cut bait, flesh from the belly or the cheek patch of another fish. Cut bait can be fished either on a small hook or tipped on a jigging spoon.

Angling Techniques

Crappie fishing has become a year-around activity for Iowa anglers both in open water and ice fishing. In open water seasons fishermen can fish either from shore or in a boat. Like so many fishing methods, both have some advantages and disadvantages. Shore fishermen have a wide choice, either fishing by wading or from the shoreline, a dock or jetty. Probably the best of these methods is wading, especially in the spring pre-spawn period when the crappie are in shallow water. Little equipment is needed other than a suitable pair of chest waders or hip boots. Wading fishermen have a distinct advantage since they can approach likely spots without spooking fish in the shallow water. Most wading anglers use small leadhead lures or minnows that are suspended from a small bobber and fish parallel with the shoreline by casting, then slowly retrieving the bait.

Crappies frequently utilize the shade offered by docks or other floating structures during summer. These areas are attractive because there is an abundance of food and the water temperature is cooler. Still fishing under or around docks can be very productive.

Many of the state and county-owned lakes have fishing jetties. In many locations stake beds have been placed within casting distance of these jetties and crappie may be suspended near these sructures. Stake beds can be successfully fished by attaching the bait to a bobber at a height which will allow the bait to clear the top of the stakes. Fishing in this manner will reduce the amount of tackle lost and also entice strikes from crappies rising to the bait.

Crappies have a soft, fleshy mouth, and they are frequently referred to as “papermouths.” Because of the soft membrane near the jaw, anglers should be very careful when setting the hook and handling crappie. Setting the hook with too much force will only tear the mouth and result in lost fish.

Boat anglers usually fish for crappie by drifting, trolling, or still fishing. Drift fishing is a very popular and productive method in man-made lakes druing summer when crappies are suspended just above the thermocline and are dispersed throughout the lake. Drifting allows a fisherman to cover a large area, and several depths can be fished depending upon the amount of line released and the weight used. If the wind is too strong and the bait moving too fast, the use of a sea anchor will slow the drift. In a situation where the wind is insufficient to move the boat, an electric trolling motor works well. Remember, crappies prefer to have the bait moving.

Still fishing works quite well once a large school of fish is located. Lines can be rigged to fish vertically off the side of the boat. If the action slows, casting with a steady retrieve may draw the fish back to the boat. Anchoring within stands of flooded timber or other habitat structures will also work for still fishing. Don’t disregard the opportunity to jig a leadhead directly underneath in these habitats or to use a float to suspend a lure or bait just above the structure.

Many of the same crappie fishing methods that are used in the open water period also work as well for ice fishing. Ice fishermen should remember to move frequently until schools of fish are located. Much like open water, crappies are generally suspended, and it may be necessary to experiment at several depths until the crappies are found.

Regardless of whether artificial or live bait is used, move it frequently. Movement often attracts fish into the vicinity and usually provokes strikes. Jigging spoons should be snapped vertically by moving the wrist upward with a sweeping motion of the arm. When using live bait and a bobber, pick the float off the surface and jiggle the line ever-so-often. Sometimes crappie fishing in the winter is more productive at night than in daylight. A gas lantern not only provides light to see by but often times attracts curious fish.

Crappies offer a tremendous amount of enjoyment to Iowa anglers. Action can be feverishly fast and when caught on lightweight equipment, crappie provide a scrappy fight. Little wonder they are so popular with our fishermen.

*Mayhew, J. (editor). 1987. Iowa Fish and Fishing. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa. 323 pp.